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Theforgottenhistoryofautism
作者:SteveSilberman
发表时间:March
SteveSilbermanisawriterandcontributingeditorforWiredwhocoversscienceandsociety.Hisnewestbookexploresneurodiversityandthelinkbetweenautismandgenius.
导读
自闭症对于现在的我们来说,是一个并不陌生的概念。然而在大约1个世纪以前,人类对于自闭症的了解尚不透彻,导致有很多关于自闭症的错误观念。“接种麻疹疫苗会使小孩患自闭症的风险增加”,这一错误的观念就导致了超过多名儿童因未接种疫苗而患上了麻疹。那么我们对于自闭症的了解发展到现在,到底经历了哪些困难呢?让我们一起跟随作者的脚步一探究竟吧!WATCHTHEAUDIO
原文及翻译
JustafterChristmaslastyear,kidsinCaliforniagotthemeaslesbyeithervisitingDisneylandorbeingexposedtosomeonewhodbeenthere.ThevirusthenhoppedtheCanadianborder,infectingmorethanchildreninQuebec.Oneofthetragicthingsaboutthisoutbreakisthatmeasles,whichcanbefataltoachildwithaweakenedimmunesystem,isoneofthemosteasilypreventablediseasesintheworld.Aneffectivevaccineagainstithasbeenavailableformorethanhalfacentury,butmanyofthekidsinvolvedintheDisneylandoutbreakhadnotbeenvaccinatedbecausetheirparentswereafraidofsomethingallegedlyevenworse:autism.
就在去年圣诞节过后,加州有个孩子感染了麻疹,原因是他们去过了迪斯尼乐园,或是接触了某些去过迪斯尼的孩子。之后病毒还窜到了美加边境,感染了在魁北克的多个孩子。这次的麻疹爆发中让人非常痛心的是,尽管麻疹对于抵抗力低的孩子可能致命,它同时也是世界上最容易预防的疾病之一。能够有效预防麻疹的疫苗早在半个多世纪前就已经面世,但在这次的迪斯尼麻疹大爆发中,很多被感染的孩子都未接种过疫苗,因为他们的家长担心接种疫苗可能会导致一个更“严重”的问题:自闭症。
Butwait--wasntthepaperthatsparkedthecontroversyaboutautismandvaccinesdebunked,retracted,andbrandedadeliberatefraudbytheBritishMedicalJournal?Dontmostscience-savvypeopleknowthatthetheorythatvaccinescauseautismisB.S.?Ithinkmostofyoudo,butmillionsofparentsworldwidecontinuetofearthatvaccinesputtheirkidsatriskforautism.
但是——回想一下,那篇引发此争议的报道不是早已经被英国医学周刊揭发、撤回,并且被证实是刻意的欺诈造谣吗?难道略懂些科学的人们不知道所谓“疫苗引发自闭症”的理论是胡说八道吗?我相信大多数人是知道的。但是世界上还是有很多家长仍然担心注射疫苗会带来患上自闭症的风险。
Why?Hereswhy.Thisisagraphofautismprevalenceestimatesrisingovertime.Formostofthe20thcentury,autismwasconsideredanincrediblyrarecondition.Thefewpsychologistsandpediatricianswhodevenheardofitfiguredtheywouldgetthroughtheirentirecareerswithoutseeingasinglecase.Fordecades,theprevalenceestimatesremainedstableatjustthreeorfourchildrenin10,.Butthen,inthes,thenumbersstartedtoskyrocket.FundraisingorganizationslikeAutismSpeaksroutinelyrefertoautismasanepidemic,asifyoucouldcatchitfromanotherkidatDisneyland.
为什么会这样?我来告诉你为什么。这是显示自闭症患者数量普遍性上升的一个统计图表。在几乎整个20世纪,自闭症都被认为是一种极其罕见的疾病。少数几个听说过它的心理学家和儿科医生,觉得可能在他们的整个职业生涯中也不会遇到一个这样的病例。几十年间,自闭症患者的统计数量都维持稳定,在1万个孩子中大概有3到4例。但是到了90年代,数字开始飞速上升。像AutismSpeaks这样的募款机构常常将自闭症描述为一种流行病,就好像你去趟迪斯尼乐园就能被传染一样。
Sowhatsgoingon?Ifitisntvaccines,whatisit?IfyouaskthefolksdownattheCentersforDiseaseControlinAtlantawhatsgoingon,theytendtorelyonphraseslike"broadeneddiagnosticcriteria"and"bettercasefinding"toexplaintheserisingnumbers.Butthatkindoflanguagedoesntdomuchtoallaythefearsofayoungmotherwhoissearchinghertwo-year-oldsfaceforeyecontact.Ifthediagnosticcriteriahadtobebroadened,whyweretheysonarrowinthefirstplace?Whywerecasesofautismsohardtofindbeforethes?
那么到底发生了什么呢?如果不是疫苗的问题,那原因究竟何在?如果你去问亚特兰大疾控中心的人,这究竟是怎么回事,他们的解释多半是“评估标准变松了”,或是“找到病例的能力变强了”,所以统计数量上升了。但是这些话并不能减轻年轻母亲们的恐惧,尤其是当她发现自己两岁的孩子目光游移不定时。如果诊断标准需要放宽,为什么标准在一开始如此严苛?为什么自闭症的病例在年代之前如此难找?
Fiveyearsago,Idecidedtotrytouncovertheanswerstothesequestions.Ilearnedthatwhathappenedhaslesstodowiththeslowandcautiousprogressofsciencethanitdoeswiththeseductivepowerofstorytelling.Formostofthe20thcentury,clinicianstoldonestoryaboutwhatautismisandhowitwasdiscovered,butthatstoryturnedouttobewrong,andtheconsequencesofitarehavingadevastatingimpactonglobalpublichealth.Therewasasecond,moreaccuratestoryofautismwhichhadbeenlostandforgotteninobscurecornersoftheclinicalliterature.Thissecondstorytellsuseverythingabouthowwegothereandwhereweneedtogonext.
五年前,我决定试着找出这些问题的答案。我的发现是,这个数量的上升并非是由于科学进展的缓慢和谨慎,更多的是因为故事叙述在诱导大众。在整个20世纪,医学界都用一个故事来解释什么是自闭症以及它的发现过程。但是那个故事后来被证明是错的,而这个故事所造成的后果正对全球公共健康带来灾难性的影响。然后又有了第二个关于自闭症的故事,其准确性更高,但却鲜为人知,仅在临床研究文献中偶尔提及。第二个故事叙述了我们是如何走到了今天这个地步,以及我们之后应该做些什么。
ThefirststorystartswithachildpsychiatristatJohnsHopkinsHospitalnamedLeoKanner.In,Kannerpublishedapaperdescribing11youngpatientswhoseemedtoinhabitprivateworlds,ignoringthepeoplearoundthem,eventheirownparents.Theycouldamusethemselvesforhoursbyflappingtheirhandsinfrontoftheirfaces,buttheywerepanickedbylittlethingsliketheirfavoritetoybeingmovedfromitsusualplacewithouttheirknowledge.Basedonthepatientswhowerebroughttohisclinic,Kannerspeculatedthatautismisveryrare.Bythes,astheworldsleadingauthorityonthesubject,hedeclaredthathehadseenlessthantruecasesofhissyndromewhilefieldingreferralsfromasfarawayasSouthAfrica.Thatsactuallynotsurprising,becauseKannerscriteriafordiagnosingautismwereincrediblyselective.Forexample,hediscouragedgivingthediagnosistochildrenwhohadseizuresbutnowweknowthatepilepsyisvery
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